1）主语从句

it is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.
it is well-known that...
it is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that...
it goes without saying that... it is universally acknowledged that...
it is / that

2）宾（表）语从句

we cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.
the problem is not who will go, but who will stay.

3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）

as is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described...in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table...,
there are many reasons why i want to study in your university.
it is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.

4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）

when the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster （怪物） which will devour him.
whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.

5）分词短语做定语或状语

prof. kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire english better.

6）倒装句

only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.
scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.

7）被动句

some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.
he is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.
many people believe that...（it is believed that...）

8）设问句

do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?

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