close 比较普通,有时可以和shut互换使用,但它更强调不让某人或某物进入或通过的意思,有时有不接纳的意思,但通常表示关闭这一动作
It‘s Sunday,so all the shops are closed.
是星期天,所以这些店铺都关门了。
I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
我肯定没有办法再把箱子关上了。
shut 与 close 的含义差别在于,shut仅表示关闭之状态,不包含不让进入或不接纳的意思
As soon as he opens the gate from the outside,he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.
它一旦从外面把门打开,便走进园子里等着关门。
在某些习语中,只有 shut 而不用close.
Shut up
住口
He found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.
他发现通向实现自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。
He shut his eyes to the severs reality.
对于这严峻的现实,他是闭着眼睛不肯看的。
accompany attend escort convoy
意思都含与人结伴同行或伴随某物.
accompany 指与人结伴,做伴,常含有彼此之间关系平等之意, 如:
He -nied her to the theater.
他陪她去剧院。
attend 意为随侍、随从 等解,如:
Some students attended Prof. Jones on a field trip.
一些学生随琼斯教授去野外郊游。
escort 和 convoy 意为以警卫等身份陪伴,如:
This merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.
这艘商船由一驱逐舰护航。
escort 还指礼节上的尊重或献殷勤,如:
He escorted a lady to a party.
他陪一位女士赴宴。
accurate correct exact
均含正确的意思。
accurate 表示准确的,精确的,指通过努力,使事情达到正确,如:
She gave an accurate account of the accident.
她对事故做了准确的描述。
correct 为一般用语,指正确的,如:
He gave correct answers to the questions.
他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。
exact 表示确切的,精确无误的,指与事实完全相符,如:
His answer is quite exact.
他的回答完全正确。
enough,sufficient,adequate这三个词都表示足够的或充分的.其中只有enough可以用作副词或名词,含义仍为足够的.
enough和sufficient在含义上几乎没有差异,只是enough的用法较多,这两个词都表示完全满足需要,而且既不多余,也不缺少.
adequate虽然也表示足够的、充分的,但是和另二词之间有着比较明显的细微差异,因为这个词的内涵是:对于必不可少的东西在数量上应当是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。Five men will be quite enough (or sufficient)。这句话说的是:5个人就十分充足了, 再多给一个人就没有必要了His wages are adequate to support three people. 这句话说的是:他的工资够养活3个人的。即这些钱养活3个人够得上一般生活水平,并不苛刻。可见其差异非常细微。词义差别越细微,表意越准确。例如:我为他干了3小时的活,他付给我20英镑。我觉得那20英镑的工钱是足够了的.这两句话在英译时,其中的足够的必须用adequate,因为这里说的足够包含了公平、合理的意思。故这两句可译为:I worked for him three hours, and he paid me 20 pounds. I think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外, 应注意下面例句中enough的各种用法
I like to be a professional singer,but I don‘t think I have a good enough voice.
我想当个职业歌唱家,但是我觉得我的嗓子不够好。[page]分页标题#e#
A day may begin well enough,but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.
一天的开端可能好得很,但突然一切似乎都失去了控制。
The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards,as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.
沿着船壁向上引导的以及与航行方向一致的气流足以给这种长有特大翅膀的大鸟以充分的支撑力和前进力。
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another,but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
我们的牧师老是为这事或那事筹募款项,但是从来也没能募集到足够把教堂大钟修复起来的钱。
The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function,and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer,who must buy,not the thing he desires but the thingthe English Gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development.
向社会提出的问题,与其说是这号人的德行问题,毋宁说是他们是否能胜任其职责的问题,于是便出现了严重的困难。他们不肯充分考虑顾客的需要,顾客不得不买的不是自己想要买的东西,而是英国绅士所要卖的。他们对技术的发展并不给予充分的注意。
The majority of the patients attending the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine,abox of pills,or a small jar of ointment,…
在医院门诊部就医的大多数病人认为,如果他们不能带一些实实在在的药物,如一瓶药水、一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话,他们就没得到充分的治疗……
enough sufficient adequate
意思都含充分的、足够的.
enough 系常用词,常可与 sufficient 互换,它除表示足以满足需要的外,还含有数量很多使人感到心满意足的的意思,如:
We have enough money to spend.
我们有足够的钱花。
sufficient 用于正式文体中,指分量或数量足以满足需要的,如:
The food is sufficient for a week.
食物足够一周用。
adequate 指足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等着重符合一个客观要求或标准的,如:
To be healthy one must have an adequate diet.
一个人想要健康,必须有足够的规定饮食。
advance promote progress proceed
都含有前进的意思。
advance 指向某一目标或方向前进的运动或效果,并常强调前进的终点,如:
Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.
我们的士兵勇敢地向敌人挺进。
promote 作提升解时可与advance 通用;它强调促使某种事业向前发展以达到预期的结果,并侧重于对该人或事物(尤指公开性质)的赞助和鼓励, 如:
John was promoted [advanced] from a clerk to a manager.
约翰由职员晋升为经理。
A sound forest economy promotes the prosperity of agriculture and rural life.
完善的森林经济可以促进农业和农村生活的兴旺与繁荣。
progress 则指稳定、经常的进步,这种进步可能有间隔,常用于抽象事物,如:
Our research work is progressing steadily.
我们的研究工作正在稳步地取得进展。
proceed 多指继续前进, 如:
This being done,let‘s proceed to the next.
这项工作已做完了,让我们干下一个
business commerce trade profession occupation
的含义都与职业、生意有关。[page]分页标题#e#
business 是常用语,含义很广,通常指生意、行业,表示为图利(常指为个人谋利)而做的工作, 如:
do business with many countries
与许多国家做生意。
commerce 多指商品交易,特指国与国之间的商业往来,如:
international commerce
国际贸易 trade指买卖或货物交换,常用于国内外之间的交易,也指行业, 特别是手工业,如:War affects trade.
战争影响贸易。
profession 指需受过特殊教育和训练的脑力劳动者的职业,如:
He is a doctor by profession.
他的职业是医生。
occupation 指训练有素的某人经常从事的工作或做工作,但它不强调某人此时此地是否仍作此工作或者领工资与否,如:
He has no fixed occupation.
他没有固定职业。
occurrence event incident
都含事件的意思。
occurrence系常用词,指任何发生的事件,如:
an unforeseenoccurrence
预料不到的事。
event 指有重要意义的历史事件、重大事件,如:
Graduation from university is an event in life.
大学毕业是人生中的大事。
incident指事件,尤指比较不重要的小事件,如:
an ordinary incident
普通小事。
matter,affair,thing,concern,business这组名词都有事情的意思。
matter 所表示的事情在含意上比较模糊,通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.
荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。
affair 以单数形式出现时,通常指一般的事情,而以复数形式出现时,通常指重大的事情.不管单、复数这个词所表示的事情都包含着在进行中、处在过程中或交易、交往的意思。
Having found out that his wife had an affair with another man, the poor man wanted to kill himself.
那个可怜的男人由于发现他的妻子与另一个男子有私情而想自杀。
Convenience is,however,in all affairs of life,an execrable test of value.
然而,在生活的一切事务中投合是可恶的实用准则。
thing 在含义上比 matter 还要模糊,有时为了含糊其词而有意用 thing.如:I hope things‘ll be better in the future.
The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard.
最为吓人的事情是一点声音也听不到。
business 所表示的事情或事务多与职务有关,有时这个词指强加的任务.口语中的None of your business(这不是你的事)以及Mind your own business(多管闲事),很能说明 business 的这种含义
Be that as it may,the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.
尽管如此,神经毒液毒杀人类比血毒液快得多。
如果想表示个人的或者与个人有直接关系的事情,最好用 concern,这与concern 在用作动词所表示的关心有联系
It‘s no concern of mine.
这不关我的事。
affect,influence,touch,impress,sway,move动词的一般含义为使人或能作出反应的物产生或受到影响。
affect 的宾语是物时,它包含着足以引起反应的刺激,有时包含一定的改变。
The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health
天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。
当affect的宾语是人时,它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响,即感动
He was in no way affected by their misery.
他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。
We are lucky in that only the lower fields,which make up a very small proportion of our farm,are affected by flooding,…
我们的运气好,因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。
influence 所表示的影响包含着力量,比如他是个有影响的人物.有时它包含着诱使的意思。
They,having first persuaded themselves,contrive to influence their neighbours.[page]分页标题[/page]
他们首先自己信服了之后,便设法诱使邻居
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisments.
谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been neglected.
在工业生活的组织中,工厂对工人的生理和心理状态上的影响完全被忽视了。
touch 所表示的感动有些象汉语的感触,它总含有密切接触的意思。此外,touch在表示使人或物受到影响或感动时,总有如下的内涵:激发、搅起、伤害等等。
I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit
我不想做任何会影响你的荣誉的事情。
Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility. …
如果父母意识到孩子通常多么相信父母的品格和父母的绝对正确,他们会大大震惊和深深被感动的……
impress 通常用于表示深受感动,而且把所看到的东西,铭记在心。
but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.……
但是我掩盖不了这一事实,那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。
sway 的原义同上
pretend feign assume affect
都含假装的意思。
pretend 指感觉到某事,而在言行上装出是真的,如:
pretend not to hear
假装没听见。
feign 指精心装有或装作,如:
feign deafness
装聋。
assume 指装出有某种感情的样子,以掩饰其真正的感情,如:
She assumed a look of sorrow.
她假装着悲伤的样子。
affect 指为达到某种效果而假装有某种特征或情感,如:
affect a British accent
装英国腔。
affect effect influence 作为动词,都含影响的意思。
affect 指产生的影响之大足以引起反应,着重影响的动作,有时含有对……产生不利影响的意思,如:
This article will affect my thinking.
这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
effect 指实现、达成,着重造成一种特殊的效果,如:This book effected a change in my opinion.
这本书使我的看法起了变化。
influence 指通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响, 如:
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher,he took up the study of medicine.
在一位中学生物教师的影响下,他从事医学研究。
give grant present confer 都含给的意思。
give 系常用词,指给予、授予、赠送、提供等,如:
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