2011年英语四级备考:篇章词汇
语篇的衔接
分析语篇的衔接手段有助于我们准确把握文章的结构，加强对语篇连贯性、一致性和逻辑联系的理解和认识，从而透彻理解全篇内容。语篇的衔接手段分析如下：
1.语法手段
(1)照应：指使话语中某一实体的所指在文本中得以确定的语义关系。它是一些起信号作用的词汇，其语义必须从该词语所指的对象中寻找答案。
照应分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。比较照应通过形容词和副词的比较级等形式以及其他一些有比较意义的词语(same`identical`such`equal`different`otherwise等)表示照应关系。
(2)替代：通过用某一词替代前面句中出现的名词(短语)、动词(短语)或小句来实现的衔接关系。替代有名词替代、动词替代和小句替代。
(3)省略：指把语篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在语义上建立一种相互依赖关系，使语篇紧凑，被省略的成分能从上下文中找到。省略可分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。
(4)连接：指连接成分凭借其自身的意义使语篇建立句子间的语义联系。Halliday和Hasan把连接分为添加(in addition等)、转折、因果和时间。
2.词汇手段
指语篇中使用一些相互之间存在意义联系的词语，从而建立一个贯穿语篇的语义链，保证语篇的连贯性。词汇手段分为重复、同义/反义、上下义和词汇搭配。此处的搭配指一般意义上句子中同一结构内的词语搭配(如动词与名词、形容词与名词等)，习惯性共现类型的搭配(如hair与comb，sky与sunshine等)。
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.英语作文
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