APA STYLE
 
This guide provides common examples of the APA (American Psychological Association) style for citing source materials based on the Publication Manual of the American Psych-ological Association (5th ed.), shelved at the Reference Desk (BF76.7 P83 2001) and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (PN171.F56 A63 2007). Chapter, section and/or example numbers referring to the Manual or Guide are provided for each example. More examples may be found in the Manual and on the APA Style website http://www.apastyle.org .
 
APA style requires that parenthetical citations in the text refer to entries on the list of references cited at the end of the paper. The format rules for a bibliography or suggested reading list of materials not referred to in the text of the paper may be found in the Manual.
 

第一部分：文中的引用格式

Include the author's surname, if not in the text, and the date. When citing a specific part of a source, include the relevant page number, chapter, figure, table, or equation (section 3.101). Always give page numbers for quotations (section 3.34).
 
Specific parts of a source                                                                                       3.101
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)   一句话引用后 (通常是间接引用) ，通常放到句子最后。
 
One author                                                                                                                   3.94
Walker (2000) compared reaction times...   
In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)...
 
Two authors                                                                                                                3.95
…as has been shown (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1989)
…as Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated
 
Three to five authors. All should be listed the first time mentioned.               3.95
First entry: Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found…
Subsequent entries: Wasserstein et al. (1994) found...
 
Corporate author. List in full. Some long names may later be abbreviated. 3.96
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)...
(NIMH, 1999)
 
No author (including legal materials)                                                                     3.97
Punctuate the first few words of the reference list entry and the year.
... on free care (“Study Finds,” 1982)
... the book College Bound Seniors (1979)
 
Multiple works (list in same order as in reference list)                                       3.99
Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)...
 
Multiple works by an author in one year                                                              3.99
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c)…
 
Email (Include initials. Provide as exact a date as possible.                              3.102
Cite personal communications in text only, NOT in references cited.)
According to T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)...
…(V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)
 
Secondary source citing primary source                                                            4.16 #22
Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)...
Include both sources in text. Include only what was read (Coltheart) in references cited.

 

第二部分：参考文献列表

List citations in alphabetical order. List works by the same author in chronological order. List multiple works by the same author in one year alphabetically by title and append letters to the years as in the parenthetical citations: Multiple works by an author in one year example.  Always double-space references cited.  These examples are single-spaced for compactness.
 

BOOKS

Two to six authors                                                                                                     4.16 #23
Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
 
Group author as publisher                                                                                       4.16 #24
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.
 
Edited book                                                                                                                  4.16 #25
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 

No author or editor                                                                                                    4.16 #26

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
 
Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors                                               4.16 #34
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III  & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
 
Chapter in a volume in a series                                                                             4.16 #36
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
 
Encyclopedia article. If no byline, place article title in author position.           4.16 #38
Bergmann, P. G. (1991). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
 
Government document                                                                                            4.16 #41
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
 
NOTE: Legal documents such as hearings may be listed in the style shown in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation shelved at the Reference Desk (Ref KF245. U53), for example:
Protection from Personal Intrusion Act and Privacy Protection Act of 1998: Hearing on H.R. 2448 and H.R. 3224 Before the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 105th Cong. 56-57 (1998) (statement of Richard Masur, President, Screen Actors Guild).
 
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) microfiche                    4.16 #43
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346082)
 
Thesis or dissertation                                                                             4.16 #54 & 57
Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers' participation in family work: Consequences for fathers' stress and father-child relations. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
 
Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

PERIODICALS

Two to six authors                                                                                                     4.16 #2

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
 
Magazine article (as opposed to a scholarly journal)                                         4.16 #6
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.
 
Newspaper article                                                                                                     4.16 #9
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
 
Entire issue of a journal                                                                                           4.16 #12
Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).
 
Book review                                                                                                                4.16 #63
Schatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context?  [Review of the book The social life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.
 
NONPRINT MEDIA
Motion picture or videotape                                                                                    4.16 #65
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Videotape]. United States: Paramount Pictures
 
Audio recording                                                                                                          4.16 #70
Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 

Lecture Notes                                                                                                             SGER #18

Brieger, B. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of trainees [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health OpenCourseWare Web site: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm
 
Internet article based on print source                                                                  4.16 #71
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
 
Internet-only journal article                                                                                     4.16 #72
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
 
Multipage Internet document (use (n.d.) when there is no date)                     4.16 #75
Henry, E. (2005, January 25). Rice confirmed as secretary of state: Ex-national security adviser first black female to hold office.  Retrieved January 26, 2005, from http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/26/rice.confirmation/index.html 
 
Journal article from library database with DOI assigned                               SGER #1
Note: The DOI resolver at http://crossref.org can be used to locate articles
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
 
Journal article from library database with no DOI assigned                         SGER #2
Note: The URL is to the journal’s homepage

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://a.liuxuepaper.com?index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100

 
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注：本栏目重在收集一些海外留学文书的题目，以便加加留学编辑深入了解海外教育方式与发展形势，从而拓展个人陈述、推荐信等文书的写作思路。