Alexander Calder

亚历山大·考尔德（英语：Alexander Calder，1898年7月22日－1976年11月11日），美国著名雕塑家、艺术家，动态雕塑（mobile）的发明者。

Alexander Calder (July 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor and artist most famous for inventing the mobile. In addition to mobile and stabile sculpture, Alexander Calder also created paintings, lithographs, toys, tapestry, jewelry and household objects.

考尔德出生于美国宾西法尼亚州劳顿的雕塑世家，祖父亚历山大·米尔恩·考尔德（Alexander Milne Calder）、父亲亚历山大·斯特林·考尔德（Alexander Stirling Calder）皆为知名雕塑家。
 
他从小便展现出艺术天赋，1909年年仅11岁时他就曾用通过铜片的弯折做成了“鸭子”与“狗”赠送给父母作为圣诞节礼物。1915年考尔德进入史蒂芬技术学院（Stevens Institute of Technology）就读，学习机械程专业。1919年毕业后曾担任工程师、技师等。
 
1923年考尔德决定专业从事艺术创作，并考入纽约艺术学生联盟学习。期间他经常进入玲玲马戏团进行速写与素描。1926年起他前往巴黎发展，几年间他通过铁丝等元素创造出了一系列马戏团表演的雕塑作品。后来他又用铁丝创作了约瑟芬·贝克全身像、卡尔文·柯立芝头像等许多作品。在铁丝雕塑之外，考尔德也曾使用传统的木头制作木刻雕塑，其中知名的作品包括“牛”、“马”等。
 
1929年他用铁丝创作的“金鱼缸”（Goldfish Bowl）成为其第一件动力雕塑作品。之后他又创作了“航行”（Croisiere）等作品，被杜尚称为“动态雕塑”（mobiles）。在此期间他另外还制作了一系列与“动态雕塑”相对的、静止但能够微微晃动的铁丝作品，如“羽毛”（Feathers）等，被让·阿尔普称为“静态雕塑”（stabiles）。
 
此后他不断发展自己的雕塑理念，创作了许多更大、更复杂的动态雕塑作品，包括“钢铁鱼”（Steel Fish）、“红与黄的风信旗”（Red and Yellow Vane）、“龙虾陷阱与鱼尾”（Lobster Trap and Fish Tail）等，并开始将精力花在户外、大规格的雕塑作品上。1942年，他通过将手工切割的木块固定于钢丝末端，创作了“星群”（Constellation）系列的作品。
 
1950年代起，他开始设计大量纪念性公共雕塑作品，包括肯尼迪国际机场的“.125”、巴黎联合国教科文组织的“螺旋”（La Spirale）、1967年蒙特利尔世界博览会的“人”（Man）、密歇根州大急流城的“高速”（La Grande vitesse）、芝加哥克卢钦斯基联邦大厦（Kluczynski Federal Building）的“红鹤”（Flamingo）等知名作品。而他一生中最后一件大型作品则是为贝聿铭设计的国家艺术馆东大楼所作的动态雕塑。
 
1976年11月11日，考尔德在纽约家中逝世。

更多中文详细介绍请见百度百科：
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2640797.htm

孩提时代：
Alexander "Sandy" Calder was born in Lawnton, Pennsylvania, on July 22, 1898. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a well-known sculptor who created many public installations, a majority of them in Philadelphia. Calder’s grandfather, sculptor Alexander Milne Calder, was born in Scotland and immigrated to Philadelphia in 1868. He is best-known for the colossal statue of William Penn on top of Philadelphia's City Hall tower. Calder’s mother, Nanette Lederer Calder, was a professional portrait painter who studied at the Académie Julian and the Sorbonne in Paris from around 1888 until 1893. She then moved to Philadelphia where she met Alexander Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Calder’s parents were married on 22 February 1895. His older sister, Margaret "Peggy" Calder, was born in 1896. Her married name was Margaret Calder Hayes, and she was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum.[1]
 
In 1902, at the age of four, Calder posed nude for his father’s sculpture The Man Cub, which is now located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. That year, he completed his earliest sculpture, a clay elephant.[2]
 
Three years later, when Calder was seven and his sister was nine, Stirling Calder contracted tuberculosis and Calder’s parents moved to a ranch in Oracle, Arizona, leaving the children in the care of family friends for a year.[3] The children were reunited with their parents in late March 1906 and stayed at the ranch in Arizona until fall of the same year.[4]
 
After Arizona, the Calder family moved to Pasadena, California. The windowed cellar of the family home became Calder's first studio and he received his first set of tools. He used scraps of copper wire that he found in the streets to make jewelry and beads for his sister’s dolls. On January 1, 1907, Calder’s mother took him to the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, where he observed a four-horse-chariot race. This style of event later became the finale of Calder’s wire circus shows.[5]
 
In 1909, when Calder was in the fourth grade, he sculpted a dog and a duck out of sheet brass as Christmas gifts for his parents. The sculptures were three dimensional and the duck was kinetic because it rocked when gently tapped. These sculptures are frequently cited as early examples of Calder’s skill.[6]
 
In 1910, the Calder family moved back to Philadelphia, where Alexander briefly attended the Germantown Academy, and then to Croton-on-Hudson in New York State.[7] In Croton, during his early high school years, Calder was befriended by the painter Everett Shinn with whom he built a gravity powered system of mechanical trains. As Calder described:
 We ran the train on wooden rails held by spikes; a chunk of iron racing down the incline speeded the cars. We even lit up some cars with candle lights.[8]
After Croton, the Calders moved to Spuyten Duyvil to be closer to the Tenth Street Studio Building in New York City, where Stirling Calder rented a studio. While living in Spuyten Duyvil, Calder attended Yonkers High.
 
In 1912, Stirling Calder was appointed acting chief of the Department of Sculpture of the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[9] He began work on sculptures for the exposition that was held in 1915. During Alexander Calder’s high school years between 1912 and 1915, the Calder family moved back and forth between New York and California. In each new location Calder’s parents reserved cellar space as a studio for their son. Toward the end of this period, Calder stayed with friends in California while his parents moved back to New York so that he could graduate from Lowell High School in San Francisco. Calder graduated in the class of 1915.

修学经历：
In 1915, Calder decided to study mechanical engineering and enrolled at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and excelled in mathematics. In the summer of 1916, Calder spent five weeks training at the Plattsburg Civilian Military Training Camp. In 1918, he joined the Student’s Army Training Corps, Naval Section, at Stevens and was made guide of the battalion.
 I learned to talk out of the side of my mouth and have never been quite able to correct it since.[10]
Calder received a degree from Stevens in 1919. For the next several years, he held a variety of engineering jobs, including working as a hydraulics engineer and a draughtsman for the New York Edison Company. In June 1922, Calder found work as a mechanic on the passenger ship H. F. Alexander. While the ship sailed from San Francisco to New York City, Calder worked on deck off the Guatemalan Coast and witnessed both the sun rising and the moon setting on opposite horizons. As he described in his autobiography:
 "It was early one morning on a calm sea, off Guatemala, when over my couch — a coil of rope — I saw the beginning of a fiery red sunrise on one side and the moon looking like a silver coin on the other."[11]
The H.F. Alexander docked in San Francisco and Calder traveled up to Aberdeen, Washington, where his sister lived with her husband, Kenneth Hayes. Calder took a job as a timekeeper at a logging camp. The mountain scenery inspired him to write home to request paints and brushes. Shortly after this, Calder decided to move back to New York to pursue a career as an artist.

更多英文详细介绍请见：

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder