1.时态A.图表小作文大部分时候使用过去时态。因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据,过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样,因此用过去时态比较恰当。例4:In the 2002 survey,over 75% of respondents with annual incomes above $100,000 considered leisure time extremely or very impor
1.时态
A.图表小作文大部分时候使用过去时态。因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据,过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样,因此用过去时态比较恰当。
例4:In the 2002 survey,over 75% of respondents with annual incomes above $100,000 considered leisure time extremely or very important.
在2002年的调查中,年收入超过10万的被访者中有超过75%的人觉得休闲时间是极度或者非常重要的。
例5:While Motorola’s share of the global handset market rose to 20.6% from 18.7%,Samsung Electronics’ share fell to 12.2% from 12.5% in 2005.
2005年,摩托罗拉全球市场份额从18.7%升到20.6%时,三星电子的份额从12.5%跌到12.2%。
B.如果图表里并没有出现任何以往的年度,或者显示这是过去的统计数据,那么用一般现在时比较理想。
例6:Britain produces 3% of the world’s carbon dioxides emissions–about the same as India, which has 15 times as many people.
英国制造世界上3% 的二氧化碳排放量,和印度一样,而印度的人口是英国人口的15倍。
例7:Afro-Americans account for 13% of the US population.
美国黑人占美国人口的13%。
C. 在少数情况下,图表作文会出现预测值,这个时候需要用将来时态;而在使用将来时态的时候,最好避免用will这种词,这样的语气过分肯定。可以用其他的说法替代,譬如be likely to,be predicted to/ be projected to/be expected to。
例8:The total US greenhouse gas emissions increased by 43% from 2000 to 2020.
错误: 因为针对的时间是2020年,因此应该用将来时态。
改正:The total US greenhouse gas emissions are projected to increase by 43% from 2000 to 2020.
美国温室气体的排放量从2000年到2020年会增加43%。
例9:The number of people committing violent crime will rise by the end of 2008.
错误: ?过分肯定,很难说罪犯的数目是否必定上升,这只是一个预测而已。
改正: ?It is predicted that the number of people committing violent crime is likely to rise by the end of 2008.
据预测,到2008年年底,暴力犯罪的人数有可能上升。
.2 语言
雅思图表作文需要正式的书面语言,强调客观性和准确性。因此,在语言使用方面,要注意减少第一人称的使用,减少非正式的说法。
例10:I believe that the graph showed a significant decline in the youth smoking rate.
错误:吸烟率是否下降应该由图表决定,不应该由你是否相信而决定。因此,应把句子中的I believe that去掉。
例11:The economic development in the first half of the 1980s was fabulous.
错误:fabulous带有感情色彩,是非正式用语,可以用remarkable、marked这些词代替。
例12:We can see that car ownership surged from just under 1 percent to nearly 3 percent.
错误:不要用第一人称we,可以将We can see that改成The chart shows that。
.3 同位语和分词作状语
在准备图表作文的过程中,烤鸭们要学习同位语和分词作状语的用法,使句子更加简洁和清楚。
例13:Middle-class families are those families that are earning between $20,000 and $50,000. Middle-class families enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living. The increase was as high as 13 percent.
错因:非常繁琐;families出现三次,而increase出现两次。
改正:Middle-class families, earning (现在分词)between $20,000 and $50,000,enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living, a 13 percent rise. (同位语)
大意:收入在2万到5万之间的中产家庭,在生活标准中获得最大的增长,增长幅度为13%。
例14:Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, and they accounted for 40% of all PC units sold in 2004. It was up from 18% in 2003.
错因:繁琐;出现了代词they指代laptops,然后又出现代词it指代40%。
改正:Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, accounting for (现在分词) 40% of all PC units sold in 2004, compared with (过去分词)l8% in 2003.
大意:和2003年的18%相比,笔记本电脑代表着世界个人电脑市场增长最快的一个部分,占2004年所有售出电脑的40%。
例15:Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, who were followed by the mid-aged.
错因:繁琐;小作文当中,注意减少使用“who are”这种从句结构,应使用分词结构,或在后面直接加名词或者数词作同位语,这样更为简洁。
改正:Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, followed by (过去分词) the mid-aged.
大意:年轻人的吸烟率要比平均人口高,其次是中年人。
A类图表小作文的写作六大重要问题(2)
.4 语法错误
1)副词的位置
例16:The number of obese people in the UK dramatically increased in at least ten years.
错因:副词位置;小作文中,修饰上升下降的副词一般放在动词的后面;类似副词有dramatically,substantially,steadily,considerably,significantly,sharply,steeply,moderately,slightly等。
改正:The number of obese people in the UK increased dramatically in at least ten years.
大意: ?英国患肥胖症的人数急剧上升超过十年。
例17:The illiteracy rate slightly dropped to 2.3%, but it was still the third highest ever recorded.
错因:副词的位置;副词的位置比较灵活,要根据不同情况进行判断。此句中,副词slightly应放在不及物动词的后面、介词的前面。
改正:The illiteracy rate dropped slightly to 2.3%, but it was still the third highest ever recorded.
大意:文盲率轻微下降到2.3%,但这仍然是目前有记载的第三高。
2)一个句子不能有两个动词
例18:In the first half of 2006, the number of recorded traffic accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, cost $35 million.
错因:出现两个谓语动词rose和cost,应该将cost变成现在分词。
改正:In the first half of 2006.The number of recorded traffiC accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, costing $35 million.
大意:在2006年的上半年,纽约记录在案的交通事故数目上升了8倍,达到2504起,造成3500万损失。
例19:There were 100,000 more people work on a full-time basis in 2004 than in 1994.
错因: ?一个句子不能有两个动词,要将后面的work改成现在分词working,作people的定语。
改正:There were 100,000 more people working on a full-time basis in 2004 than in 1994.
大意: ?在2004年,全职工作的人要比1994年多出10万。
3)主谓不一致
例20:An average of 48,000 books was printed each month, one third of which were fiction.
错因: ?主谓不一致;谓语动词应该随an average of后的名词的数而变化。
改正: ?An average of 48,000 books were printed each month,one third of which were fiction.
大意: ?一个月平均有48000本书印刷,三分之一是小说。
例21:Women made up half the workforce,but a mere 10 percent of them was doing administrative work.
错因:主谓不一致;谓语动词应该随“数词+percent of’后名词或者代词的数变化,在这里是them,因此应将was改为were。
改正:Women made up half the workforce, but a mere 10 percent of them were doing administrative work.
大意:女性占据一半的劳动力,但是她们当中只有10%做管理工作。
例22:The number of privately registered cars stand at just under 3 million now and is expected to increase by a third by 2010.
错因:主语是number,谓语动词应该用单数stands。
改正:The number of privately registered cars stands at just under 3 million now and is expected to increase by a third by 2010.
大意:私人注册汽车的数目目前维持在不到300万,而预计到2010年该数目将增长三分之一。
4) 其他错误
例23:Britain's poorest communities were 2.5 times likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than the general population.
错因:说倍数的时候如果有than,不能忽略比较级more。
改正:Britain's poorest communities were 2.5 times more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than the general population.
大意:英国最穷的社区得2类糖尿病的几率是一般人群的2.5倍。
例24:It is shown in the chart that up to two millions children were orphaned in 2002 in Africa, half a million higher than the 2001’s record figure.
错因:数词million一般不用复数,除非用于短语millions of等时,表示“成千万的”。
改正:It is shown in the chart that up to two million children were orphaned in 2002 in Africa, half a million higher than the 2001’s record figure.
大意:图中显示在2002年,非洲有200万的儿童成为孤儿,比2001年所记录的数据多出50万。
例25:The secondary school enrolment rate sank considerably after an increase of 10 percent during the period from the mid-1980s and the early 1990s.
错因:正确搭配为from…to…或者between…and…。
改正:The secondary school enrolment rate sank considerably after an increase of 10 percent during the period from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s.
大意:在20世纪80年代中期到90年代初期之间,中学的入学率在上升了10%之后呈显著下降趋势。
A类图表小作文的写作六大重要问题(3)
.5 用词妥当
图表作文中经常涉及对上升或者下降的描述。很多烤鸭们往往将注意力放在用词的复杂性和多变性上,而忽视了恰当性。烤鸭们应该根据图表作文所针对的对象来斟酌用词。
ü ? ? ? ? 如果图表作文针对的是社会问题或者对社会有害的现象,譬如说通货膨胀率、失业率、退学率、犯罪率、温室气体排放量、肥胖症等,描述数据的时候应该避免使用一些比较正面的词 (譬如说,important,significant;如果这些数据平稳或者下降,要避免使用stagnant,static等词)。
例26:The poverty rate did not show any growth in three years.
错因: ?贫困率是不好的数据,这句话的语气好像在强调贫困率不增长是种遗憾。
改正:The poverty rate was flat as long as three years.
贫困率在长达三年的时间里都是持平的。
例27:There was a significant increase in the divorce rate during the period of June,2000 to June,2005.
错因: ?在这里用significant会使人产生一种感觉:离婚率的上升是好事。
改正:There was a rapid increase in the divorce rate during the period of June,2000 to June,2005.
离婚率在2000年6月到2005年6月之间快速上升。
ü ? ? ? ? 如果图表作文针对的是社会良好的趋势,或者对社会有益的现象,譬如说大学入学率、经济增长率、文化普及率、女性就业率等,描述数据的时候应该争取用一些比较积极的词汇(譬如说remarkably)。
例28:Student enrolments have surged to 5 million.
错因:surge有“飙升”之意,常形容物价或者犯罪率,而学生入学率增长是好的趋势。
改正:Student enrolments have increased significantly to 5 million.
学生入学人数显著上升到500万。
.6 个人观点
烤鸭们要谨记在图表作文当中,不要解释数据(interpret data)或者是给出自己的观点(offer an opinion),也不要尝试提出建议或者是推断现在的发展状况。主要原因是,图表给出的信息一般比较少,不足以提供足够的证据来支持任何判断或臆测。以下是一些例子:
例29:The extension of the UK residents’ lifespan indicates the improvement in standard of living.
错误: ?英国人寿命的延长可能有其他原因,未必一定是生活水平的提高。
例30:As shown in the chart,industrialised countries have been generous in financing tertiary education.That is why they are economically developed.
错误: ?图表显示工业化国家对大学教育的投资很高,但这未必就是经济发达的原因。
例31:The increased crime rate suggests that we step up (逐步提高) efforts to combat crime.
错误: ?犯罪率增长可能有很多原因,未必一定是打击犯罪力度不够,因此,没有必要提出呼吁。
例32:The survey in 2000 shows that the poverty rate is very likely to remain high up to the present.
错误: ?2000年调查所显示的高贫困率未必代表着现在还有这个问题;2000年的情况只适合2000年,和现在没有联系。
A类图表小作文的写作六大重要问题(1)???图表作文需要注意的六大重要问题.1 时态A.图表小作文大部分时候使用过去时态。因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据,过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样,因此用过去时态比较恰当。例4:In the 2002 survey,over 75% of respondents with annual incomes above $100,000 considered leisure time extremely or very important.在2002年的调查中,年收入超过10万的被访者中有超过75%的人觉得休闲时间是极度或者非常重要的。例5:While Motorola’s share of the global handset market rose to 20.6% from 18.7%,Samsung Electronics’ share fell to 12.2% from 12.5% in 2005.2005年,摩托罗拉全球市场份额从18.7%升到20.6%时,三星电子的份额从12.5%跌到12.2%。B.如果图表里并没有出现任何以往的年度,或者显示这是过去的统计数据,那么用一般现在时比较理想。例6:Britain produces 3% of the world’s carbon dioxides emissions–about the same as India, which has 15 times as many people.英国制造世界上3% 的二氧化碳排放量,和印度一样,而印度的人口是英国人口的15倍。例7:Afro-Americans account for 13% of the US population.美国黑人占美国人口的13%。C. 在少数情况下,图表作文会出现预测值,这个时候需要用将来时态;而在使用将来时态的时候,最好避免用will这种词,这样的语气过分肯定。可以用其他的说法替代,譬如be likely to,be predicted to/ be projected to/be expected to。例8:The total US greenhouse gas emissions increased by 43% from 2000 to 2020.??错误: 因为针对的时间是2020年,因此应该用将来时态。??改正:The total US greenhouse gas emissions are projected to increase by 43% from 2000 to 2020.美国温室气体的排放量从2000年到2020年会增加43%。例9:The number of people committing violent crime will rise by the end of 2008.?? 错误: ?过分肯定,很难说罪犯的数目是否必定上升,这只是一个预测而已。?? 改正: ?It is predicted that the number of people committing violent crime is likely to rise by the end of 2008.据预测,到2008年年底,暴力犯罪的人数有可能上升。?.2 语言?? ?雅思图表作文需要正式的书面语言,强调客观性和准确性。因此,在语言使用方面,要注意减少第一人称的使用,减少非正式的说法。例10:I believe that the graph showed a significant decline in the youth smoking rate.错误:吸烟率是否下降应该由图表决定,不应该由你是否相信而决定。因此,应把句子中的I believe that去掉。例11:The economic development in the first half of the 1980s was fabulous.错误:fabulous带有感情色彩,是非正式用语,可以用remarkable、marked这些词代替。例12:We can see that car ownership surged from just under 1 percent to nearly 3 percent.错误:不要用第一人称we,可以将We can see that改成The chart shows that。?.3 同位语和分词作状语在准备图表作文的过程中,烤鸭们要学习同位语和分词作状语的用法,使句子更加简洁和清楚。例13:Middle-class families are those families that are earning between $20,000 and $50,000. Middle-class families enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living. The increase was as high as 13 percent.?? ?错因:非常繁琐;families出现三次,而increase出现两次。?? ?改正:Middle-class families, earning (现在分词)between $20,000 and $50,000,enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living, a 13 percent rise. (同位语)?? ?大意:收入在2万到5万之间的中产家庭,在生活标准中获得最大的增长,增长幅度为13%。例14:Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, and they accounted for 40% of all PC units sold in 2004. It was up from 18% in 2003.错因:繁琐;出现了代词they指代laptops,然后又出现代词it指代40%。改正:Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, accounting for (现在分词) 40% of all PC units sold in 2004, compared with (过去分词)l8% in 2003.大意:和2003年的18%相比,笔记本电脑代表着世界个人电脑市场增长最快的一个部分,占2004年所有售出电脑的40%。例15:Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, who were followed by the mid-aged.错因:繁琐;小作文当中,注意减少使用“who are”这种从句结构,应使用分词结构,或在后面直接加名词或者数词作同位语,这样更为简洁。改正:Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, followed by (过去分词) the mid-aged.大意:年轻人的吸烟率要比平均人口高,其次是中年人。??A类图表小作文的写作六大重要问题(2)liuxuepaper.com