限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令"我"恐惧的内容应为"中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫"这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是"一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语"这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.
正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。liuxuepaper.com